The Rada Film Group caught up with some of the female producers of the WGBH series LATIN MUSIC USA to talk about their experiences creating the episodes.

Today, Pamela A. Aguilar, co-producer of Episode One: Bridges and Episode Two: The Salsa Revolution, takes us behind the scenes and fills us in on the challenges of U.S.-side Latin music research, the enduring appeal of Santana and Graciela Perez-Grillo, the “First Lady of Latin Jazz.”

Rada: What surprised you the most about the music history you were exploring that you didn’t know or had other assumptions about going into the project?

Pamela Aguilar: I was most surprised about the lack of scholarship done in the U.S. on the subject –from Afro-Cuban Jazz to the Mambo, the Boogalu and Salsa, etc. – it was a difficult task to get a grasp on the rich history and really get down below the surface.  Countless books and essays do not exist in the states.  We did, of course, source Spanish books and writings on the topic but it was surprising that there was so little material readily available for research in the United States.

Rada: It seems like an entire series could be done just on the first episode of Latin Music USA. What elements were the most difficult to leave out of the film that you think would have been relevant to the Latino community?

Pamela Aguilar: Ha!  How much time do you have? There are several elements in the history of Latin Music made in the U.S. that were left out of the final episode.  Key figures that for many Latinos are household names were cut from the final film for many reasons, mainly not enough time.

However, deciding on a starting point was the most difficult.  From the beginning we knew we only had an hour to cover nearly half a century of music –really about 54 minutes– and it was a struggle to figure out what point in time to start the film.  Early on, we had the idea to bookend the film with Woodstock and Carlos Santana.  Not only because he is an amazing Latino Superstar who introduced Afro-Caribbean percussion to what is referred to as mainstream America, but because as a filmmaker, in thinking about the final product we knew Woodstock would grab a wide audience and hook them into watching a historical film in which most of the talent is deceased.  After all, we must not only educate, but also entertain. The direct story link to Carlos Santana became Mario Bauza.

In making that tough decision, we left out at least two decades of a vibrant and significant Latino music industry that had developed (and was growing) in ‘El Barrio’ / East Harlem some twenty years before our first character, Mario Bauza arrived in New York.  It was that established industry made up of mostly Puerto Ricans that welcomed and embraced Bauza in the beginning.  This part of the story is very relevant to the Latino community and the overall history of music New York City and it deserves to be thoroughly covered.

Rada: As a female producer, what is your take on gender dynamics present in the Latin culture and music you profiled and how did that reflect in your experience creating this episode?

Pamela Aguilar: As a woman, the gender dynamics present in the Latin culture and music profiled in Episode One did not come as a surprise –it [the industry] was mostly a man’s world and there is no denying it.

It was then, a wonderful surprise to learn that the “First Lady of Latin Jazz,” Graciela Perez-Grillo, Machito’s sister, of Machito and the Afro-Cubans, who is in her nineties was living in New York City as clear and vibrant as ever!  I made it a mission to get an interview with Graciela, knowing that she played a pivotal role in the band as a featured vocalist and was a well-known artist in her own right from her days back in the early 1930s in Cuba, singing in the all-girl band Anacaona.

In my opinion, her presence in the film would have made a tremendous impact and it would have highlighted the talent of a living legend.  Regretfully, after countless attempts to schedule an interview with her, it was not to be.

She then became one more name that would be left for a most needed follow up series to highlight not only other female talent but the amazing artists that we were not able to include in this episode.

by Lauren Pabst, Research Assistant, the Rada Film Group

Last night premiered Episodes Three and Four of LATIN MUSIC USA on PBS, produced by WGBH, executive producer Elizabeth Dean.

Episode Three: La Onda Chicana (The Chicano Wave) told a story of Chicano music that reflected the story of Mexican-Americans in the US – full of discrimination, assimilation, immigration, hard work, identity crises, hardship, tragedy, pride, triumph and magic. Chicana on my mom’s side, I found myself schooled on an entire music history of which I was previously unaware.

The episode, produced and directed by John J. Valadez and co-produced by Laurens Grant, opened with the clandestinely Chicano rockers of the 1950s and early 60s – like Mexican American star Richie Valens (born Valenzuela). At that time, for Mexican Americans, it was all about being able to blend in. Even the teen Valens, however, got all the kids dancing to his Spanish-language hit “La Bamba” – an old Mexican song about a sea captain, with its infectious riffs and rhythm.

I knew about Valens (his unprecedented collection of hits in a matter of months and tragic death in a plane crash at age 17), but was not aware of (quietly) Mexican-American mods like ? and the Mysterians – the first rock group to wail on the church organ with the hit “96 Tears.” A handful of other groups changed their names, put on shiny suits and scored hits on the pop charts – English language, of course.

Nor was I aware of Little Joe and the Family – the sons of migrant farm workers, formerly part of the identical-suited chameleon band wave – who, inspired by Santana, the burgeoning Chicano Pride movement, and perhaps most of all, the work of Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers, let it all hang out – including their Mexicanidad. Now known as Little Joe y La Familia, they created the song “Las Nubes” (The Clouds) for Chavez and the movement, about the hardships experienced by Mexican laborers, and began experimenting with Tejano music.

The raw emotion, honky tonk and rhythms found in country music and Mexican music make them cousins, but I had never heard of Freddy Fender, a country musician whose career was waylaid in 1959 by a 5 year stint in jail for marijuana possession (and for “consorting with a married Anglo woman”). In an impossible twist, he was re-discovered by a country music producer while working at a car wash and went on to rack up hit records in the 1970s and become the first “openly Mexican” music star.

For Rada Film Group Producer Michèle Stephenson, who is Haitian-Panamanian, performances of Freddy Fender’s ballads rushed back memories of family sing alongs done at home and in long car rides to his poignant tunes. They marked the experiences of a generation of Latino immigrants in the seventies, including their young children who ended up absorbing his bilingual lyrics into their unconscious.

By the time Mexican American Linda Ronstandt came out with Canciones de mi Padre, her hyper-successful Spanish language album, the stage was set for the Tejana Madonna: Selena Quintanilla. Before her tragic murder at age 23, Selena (who didn’t speak Spanish) had become an icon, popularizing Tejano music. The crossover English language album that she had wanted to record all along was released to wide success shortly after her death.

The episode ended with the phenomenally successful Los Tigres del Norte,musica norteno stars who are still relatively unknown outside of Mexican and Mexican American communities. Their inclusion underscored the cultural gulf that still exists between recent immigrants and the US cultural mainstream.

Episode Four: Divas and Superstars (written, produced and directed by Adriana Bosch) dealt with the lead up to and aftermath of the “Latin Explosion” that swept the mainstream pop music of the United States in the late 1990s. A great moment was the crossover neo-salsero Marc Anthony appearing on Charlie Rose, stating that the music being produced by himself, Enrique Iglesias, Jennifer Lopez and Ricky Martin, was by no means representative of Latin music in general. Rose tries to goad him into confessing his frustration at being lumped in with the other stars, and Anthony only half demures.

In the 1980s, the crossover success of Miami Sound Machine, led by Cuban ex-pats Emilio and Gloria Estefan brought an English-language Cuban Conga (with African roots) to clubs across the world. I was unaware, though, of the role the Estefans would play in the crossover success of the Lebanese-Colombian star Shakira a decade later. In an interesting segment, Emilio Estefan (also of Lebanese descent) explained how it was his idea to have the alterna-rocker play up her Middle Eastern roots with her song “Ojos Asi.” Whereas Selena spoke little Spanish, Shakira’s initial lack of English required late-night translation sessions by the Estefans (Gloria co-wrote Shakira’s big crossover hit “Wherever, Whenever”).

The early 1990s salsa revival, shepherded by producer Sergio George, involved Marc Anthony and singer La India, formerly of the freestyle world. Freestyle, a form of Latin-tinged techno-pop, wasn’t really explored in the series, as it enjoyed almost zero fame outside New York and Miami, (but can still be found playing, probably right now, on NYC’s WKTU radio station). Uber-record exec Tommy Mattola was on hand with some backhanded praise for La India, as a kind of explanation for why she was not pushed out by the label during the “Explosion”: that her voice was limited to the specific rhythms of salsa music (huh?). The fact that the darker-skinned La India (born Linda Viera Caballero and nicknamed for her Taino roots) was, in her words, “chunky like a meatball” next to Anthony’s “skinny like pasta” appearance, and a volatile temper she readily admitted to, probably didn’t help her mainstream crossover appeal, either.

In an interview in the episode, a Billboard magazine editor would also diss the East Harlem-born Marc Anthony (who did stage a successful crossover) as “sexy, but not good looking.” The more realistic physical appearance of these Nuyorican singers was about to be placed in the context of a Ken doll-looking middle class hunk from San Juan.

The stage was set for former teen Menudo heartthrob and soap star Ricky Martin (probably considered both sexy AND good looking) and his breakout hit “La Vida Loca” – described as “Spanglish” and only containing one Spanish phrase; the title. The story of an oversexed Latina femme fatal (with “skin the color of mocha”), who was “into superstition, black cats and voodoo dolls,” the song was a carefree anthem with a light Latin flavor. Produced by an established Cuban-American hit-maker for Aerosmith (who crowed in his interview that the song was classic swing that “could have been sung by Tony Bennett”) and another Menudo bandmate, “Loca” was a song Time magazine called “unabashedly pop, but saved by [Martin’s] Latin soul.”

Whereas Latinidad was considered a hush-hush liability for Chicanos in the 1950s, it was now proudly claimed, and capitalized on by light-complexioned, non-Spanish named rockers who back then could have “passed” with ease.

The careers of Jennifer Lopez, Colombian rocker Juanes and Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Broadway musical “In the Heights” were also explored. A quick history of the very much in-progress Reggaeton phenomenon was informative, including its roots in Panama with proto-Reggaetonero El General and the later successes of Tego Calderon, Daddy Yankee and Pitbull. Interestingly, the anti-Reggaeton crusades of a Puerto Rican senator echoed earlier mainland panic over hyper-sexual and violent rap lyrics. Daddy Yankee brushes aside the criticisms in words reminiscent of Tupac Shakur as he defends his barrio storytelling as “el espejo del pueblo” – the mirror of the people.

The entire series LATIN MUSIC USA is well-crafted and thought-provoking, while contributing amazing oral histories, while capturing important cultural moments. Congratulations to everyone involved in the creation of the series.

Check your local PBS listings for re-broadcast times. For a limited time, all four episodes are available online at:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/latinmusicusa/